Jumat, 30 Oktober 2015

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Imagined Identities: Identity Formation in the Age of Globalization, by Gonul Pultar

This collection of essays, by scholars from various disciplines and regions of the world, discusses both the construction and deconstruction of identity in its engagement with culture, ethnicity, and nationhood. The authors explore the tension resulting from the desire to create a new cultural space for identities that are at once national, regional, linguistic, and religious, yet also attempt to encompass a political and geographic whole within designated areas.

The volume comes at a most opportune moment, providing much-needed background information and insight into current events. The chapter on Odessa by Abel Polese analyzes the intricacies of Russian-Ukrainian relations, while the one by Luís Cláudio Villafañe G. Santos examines the complexities of being American. The chapter on the formation of statehood in India and Egypt by Samaa Gamie takes the reader to the sources of recent developments in those two countries, while Samer Abboud discusses the current political situation in Lebanon through a historical survey of Hizballah. Fouad N. Ibrahim and Barbara Ibrahim bring a different angle to the upheavals in the region with a chapter on the Christian Copts of Egypt.

Also of topical interest is the chapter by Pramod Nayar on the development of the transnational Indian novel, putting on stage an Eastern cultural parasite disrupting the postcolonial scene in the West. Dorothea Fischer-Hornung recounts how a popular Turkish-German tv series mirrors the present multicultural German society; Yiorgos Kalegoras discusses the significance of ethnic interface in the American entertainment industry; Gönül Pultar examines a cookbook-memoir to study the culture of the Armenians of Turkey and their place in that country; and Simona Sangiorgio revisits theme parks to question the way they may be reshaping identities.

Anna Roosvall surveys the Swedish press to discover the extent it acts as a flagship of the nation; Andrea Rosso Efthymiou goes back to the last days of the Ottoman empire to ponder, through a late twentieth-century novel, the identity of the individual “lost in transition” between empire and nation; Emil Nasritdinov and Kevin O'Connor wander into Central Asian open-air markets in Kyrgyzstan to encounter the differing attitudes of various ethnic groups in the post-Soviet period; and Timur Kozyrev suggests a pan-Turkic umbrella identity for newly-independent Turkic states left in ethnic chaos by Soviet policies. Finally, Grigol Ubiria finds his way around, and clarifies for the reader, novel and not so novel definitions of nation-state, national identity, and national culture in the age of globalization.

  • Sales Rank: #3526517 in Books
  • Published on: 2014-04-14
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.97" h x 1.04" w x 7.15" l, 1.74 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 456 pages

Review
An important contribution to the exploration of identity formation in the age of globalization....Imagined Identities opens up new vistas on the continuous and challenging debate over the significance of identities in a world of indigenous and immigrant minorities. (European Journal of American Studies)

From various perspectives and approaches, Imagined Identities, edited by Gönül Pultar, outlines the complexities of uprooting and belonging in our current globalized world. (Journal of American Studies of Turkey)

From the Back Cover
"Imagined Identities offers a rich kaleidoscope of contexts - disciplinary, geographic, and ideological - in which restless analysts of cultural identity, hailing from several disciplines, focus on beguilingly tiny yet sometimes enormously revelatory detail.  Their concertedly mischievous tactic enables them to upset various epistemic apple-carts.  The challenge they pose to received (and often imposed) wisdom will fuel critiques and positions for years to come."  
--- Michael Herzfeld, Harvard University

About the Author
Gonul Pultar is professor emerita, Bilkent University, Turkey. She is the author and editor of numerous books, including On the Road to Baghdad or Traveling Biculturalism: Theorizing a Bicultural Approach to Contemporary World Fiction.

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An exploration of family law as it pertains to women with regard to marriage, divorce and inheritance in the Middle East. This second edition is revised to expand and update coverage of family law reforms that have taken place throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. It focuses on the historical and legal context for reform, and the methodology and extent of contemporary legal trends, particularly in Egypt and Pakistan.

  • Sales Rank: #1254489 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Syracuse University Press
  • Model: 1034302
  • Published on: 2001-09-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.48" h x .71" w x 5.62" l, .64 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 195 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"A welcome addition to the study of women and Islam.... It deals with the subject of Islam in classical and modern times, the four different schools of Islamic law, and how these affect Muslim women.... A work of high quality." - Choice; "[This] precise and academic study focuses on the historical and legal context for reform, and the methodology and extent of contemporary legal trends, particularly in Egypt and Pakistan. He examines primarily family law, including the rights of women in marriage, divorce, and inheritance." - Library Journal

About the Author
John L. Esposito is director of the Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University. He is editor-in-Chief of The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World and author of Islam and Politics: Fourth Edition (also published by Syracuse University Press). Natana J. DeLong-Bas is a contributor to, and editor for, the Oxford Dictionary of Islam.

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3 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Invaluable and timely
By Midwest Book Review
Women In Muslim Family Law appears in its second edition to update information on family law reforms throughout the Middle East and Asia, presenting new insights on the diverse interpretations of Muslim family law in the region and including expanded sections handling key issues in Muslim religious and social life. Invaluable and timely.

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Kamis, 29 Oktober 2015

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The West is in a worsening, eroding position in the struggle against global terrorism. While we have experienced some tactical success and thus far managed to protect the U.S. homeland, the growing tide of radicalization will create an increasingly volatile and dangerous environment. Taking the form of a report card, State of the Struggle assesses the West's progress across a wide array of counterterrorism imperatives. From ethical questions of balancing security and core values to the problems of creating viable counterterrorism coalitions to the likelihood of terrorist use of biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons, the report examines a wide swath of issues necessary to create workable counterterrorism strategies. This distinguished group of international terrorist experts, including former congressman Lee Hamilton, explains how the West successfully shut down Afghanistan as a terrorist sanctuary only to face new dangers as that beleaguered nation moves again toward anarchy. The authors explain why Iraq may well become not only a breeding ground for terrorists but a base from which trained operatives will boomerang back to the European continent. The book examines such trends as the rise in suicide terrorism, the effects of al-Qaeda's self-perceived triumph, and the potential for new recruits and new technologies to replenish and advance faster than the West can respond to these challenges. These factors inform the report’s predictions about future terrorist threats. The authors call for a new long-term strategy, with all that implies in terms of allocating resources, maintaining public support, and reversing the swell in terrorist ranks. The current emphasis on military action needs to be shifted. The failure to shape viable longterm policy solutions thus far makes for a bleak outlook.

  • Sales Rank: #4032954 in Books
  • Published on: 2007-02-15
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.94" h x .30" w x 6.08" l, .43 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 123 pages

Review

The West is in a worsening, eroding position in the struggle against global terrorism. While we have experienced some tactical success and thus far managed to protect the U.S. homeland, the growing tide of radicalization will create an increasingly volatile and dangerous environment. Taking the form of a report card, State of the Struggle assesses the West's progress across a wide array of counterterrorism imperatives. From ethical questions of balancing security and core values to the problems of creating viable counterterrorism coalitions to the likelihood of terrorist use of biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons, the report examines a wide swath of issues necessary to create workable counterterrorism strategies. This distinguished group of international terrorist experts, including former congressman Lee Hamilton, explains how the West successfully shut down Afghanistan as a terrorist sanctuary only to face new dangers as that beleaguered nation moves again toward anarchy. The authors explain why Iraq may well become not only a breeding ground for terrorists but a base from which trained operatives will boomerang back to the European continent. The book examines such trends as the rise in suicide terrorism, the effects of al-Qaeda's self-perceived triumph, and the potential for new recruits and new technologies to replenish and advance faster than the West can respond to these challenges. These factors inform the report's predictions about future terrorist threats. The authors call for a new long-term strategy, with all that implies in terms of allocating resources, maintaining public support, and reversing the swell in terrorist ranks. The current emphasis on military action needs to be shifted. The failure to shape viable longterm policy solutions thus far makes for a bleak outlook.

About the Author

Lee Hamilton, former representative from Indiana, is president and director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. He served as vice chair of the 9/11 Commission and is co-chair, along with James A. Baker, of the Iraq Study Group. Bruce Hoffman is a professor of security studies at Georgetown University's Edmund A.Walsh School of Foreign Service. Brian Michael Jenkins is senior advisor to the president of the RAND Corporation. Paul Pillar , who spent 28 years in the U.S. intelligence community, is now a visiting professor at Georgetown University. Xavier Raufer is director of studies and research in the Research Department on the Contemporary Criminal Menace and a professor at the Paris Institute of Criminology, University of Paris II. Walter Reich is the Yitzhak Rabin Memorial Professor of International Affairs, Ethics and Human Behavior and a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at George Washington University. Fernando Reinares is a professor of political science and security studies at the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, and a senior analyst on international terrorism at the Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies.

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Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion, by Anthony Downs

Peak-hour traffic congestion has become a major problem in most U.S. cities. In fact, a majority of residents in metropolitan and suburban areas consider congestion their most serious local problem. As citizens have become increasingly frustrated by repeated traffic delays that cost them money and waste time, congestion has become an important factor affecting local government policies in many parts of the nation.

In this new book, Anthony Downs looks at the causes of worsening traffic congestion, especially in suburban areas, and considers the possible remedies. He analyzes the specific advantages and disadvantages of every major strategy that has been proposed to reduce congestion. In nontechnical language, he focuses on two central issues: the relationships between land-use and traffic flow in rapidly growing areas, and whether local policies can effectively reduce congestion or if more regional approaches are necessary.

In rapidly growing parts of the country, congestion is worse than it was five or ten years ago. But Downs notes that the problem has apparently not yet become bad enough to stimulate effective responses. Neither government officials nor citizens seem willing to consider changing the behavior and public policies that cause congestion. To alleviate the problem, both groups must be prepared to make these fundamental changes. Selected by Choice as an Outstanding Book of 1992 Co-published with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

  • Sales Rank: #2428925 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Brookings Institution Press and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
  • Published on: 1992-06-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.02" h x .51" w x 5.98" l, .77 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 224 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review

"If you read only one book about traffic every five years, make it this one." —Planning



"This study should lay to rest, in prose understandable to all, various popular but erroneous 'Sunday supplement' proposals for 'solving' urban congestion problems. This, in turn, should permit public policy to better focus on the key problem, civilizing the automobile so as to make it a more acceptable participant on the urban scene. And above all. readers should have a better basis for differentiating the useful from the banal among the many different proposals now offered for relieving urban congestion." —John R. Meyer, Harvard University



"Timely, factual, decision and policy focused...as always, Anthony Downs guides us to the future with more livable communities and healthier environments." —Marcy Kaptur, United States House of Representatives

From the Back Cover
Coping with peak-hour traffic congestion. 'Timely, factual, decision and policy focused... as always, Anthony Downs guides us to a future with more liveable communities and healthier environments.'--Marcy Kaptur, U.S. House of Representatives.

About the Author

Anthony Downs is a senior fellow in the Economic Studies Program at the Brookings Institution. His specialties are housing, real estate, real estate finance, metropolitan planning, demographics, and transportation. His books include New Visions for Metropolitan America (Brookings/Lincoln Institute for Land Policy, 1994), and Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion (Brookings, 2004).

Most helpful customer reviews

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Downs Explains How Hard it is to Reduce Traffic Congestion
By James H. Mars
I have used Anthony Downs, "Stuck in Traffic" for three years for a short course in urban transportation planning. Students find it clear and yet realistic on how simplistic solutions like "building more highway lanes" have unintended consequences that cancel out the gains.
He also looks at urban planning solutions, and shows that some gains might occur from increasing housing densities from very low to low or moderate, but most other solutions have little effect.
Finally, the most powerful solutions, including higher gasoline taxes, increased public funding for transit, and tolling on highways are also the least palatable politically.
Downs, an economist, is strong on the economic aspects of transportation, and has a good grasp on the planning issues. The book does not cover any of the engineering details of possible schemes.
Overall, an clearly written and strongly argued book.
Jim Mars School of Urban and Regional Planning Ryerson Polytechnic University Toronto, Ontario, CANADA

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
puncturing illusions
By Michael Lewyn
This book rebuts both environmentalists and road lobbyists, by explaining why neither expanded transit nor expanded roads will have significant impacts upon congestion: expanded transit is of minimal value because it affects so few people (except perhaps in downtowns), expanded roads don't work because of what Downs calls "triple convergence" -- when a road is built it fills up because (1) drivers who used alternative routes switch to the new or widened road, (2) drivers who avoided rush hour start traveling during rush hour, and (3) drivers who used public transit switch to the improved expressway. (And triple convergence doesn't even take into account the long-run congestion that results when people move to be near a widened or new expressway, thus causing additional ridership increases). The only solution is to reduce demand for transportation, by encouraging ride sharing through tolls, fuel tax increases and other unpopular steps. In short, the most effective ways of reducing congestion are also the least politically popular.

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Rabu, 28 Oktober 2015

~ Download PDF Whatever Happened to the Washington Reporters, 1978-2012 (Newswork), by Stephen Hess

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Whatever Happened to the Washington Reporters, 1978-2012 (Newswork), by Stephen Hess

Whatever Happened to the Washington Reporters, 1978–2012, is the first book to comprehensively examine career patterns in American journalism. In 1978 Brookings Senior Fellow Stephen Hess surveyed 450 journalists who were covering national government for U.S. commercial news organizations. His study became the award-winning The Washington Reporters (Brookings, 1981), the first volume in his Newswork series. Now, a generation later, Hess and his team from Brookings and the George Washington University have tracked down 90 percent of the original group, interviewing 283, some as far afield as France, England, Italy, and Australia. What happened to the reporters within their organizations? Did they change jobs? Move from reporter to editor or producer? Jump from one type of medium to another—from print to TV? Did they remain in Washington or go somewhere else? Which ones left journalism? Why? Where did they go? A few of them have become quite famous, including television correspondents Ted Koppel, Sam Donaldson, Brit Hume, Carole Simpson, Judy Woodruff, and Marvin Kalb; some have become editors or publishers of the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Chicago Tribune, Miami Herald, or Baltimore Sun; some have had substantial careers outside of journalism. Most, however, did not become household names. The book is designed as a series of self-contained essays, each concentrating on one characteristic, such as age, gender, or place of employment, including newspapers, television networks, wire services, and niche publications. The reporters speak for themselves. When all of these lively portraits are analyzed—one by one—the results are surprisingly different from what journalists and sociologists in 1978 had predicted.

  • Sales Rank: #2640337 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Brookings Institution Press
  • Published on: 2012-08-03
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.32" h x .86" w x 6.40" l, 1.12 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 216 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

About the Author

Stephen Hess is a senior fellow emeritus in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution and formerly Distinguished Research Professor of Media and Public Affairs at George Washington University. He was a young speechwriter in the Eisenhower White House and returned to the White House to work with Presidents Nixon and Carter. He also advised the presidential transition teams of Reagan and Clinton. His numerous books include Through Their Eyes: Foreign Correspondents in the United States (Brookings, 2005) and Organizing the Presidency, with James Pfiffner (Brookings, 3d edition in 2002).

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
indispensable journalism history
By Charles JD Kupfer
If the role of journalists in history & culture interests you, this book is indispensable. Hess is a true scholar who uses data to build his cases, which means this book will not fade and its utility will never decline. His feel for these scribes is deep & accurate. Great in all respects.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
A who's who book in journalism/reporting
By Shadows
A lot of information is included which would probably be more interesting to someone in the field of reporting/journalism. However, since that field seems to shrinking rapidly and giving way to less expensive I-phone reports, so has the audience for such a book.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Great Update on Washington reporters
By Frank A. Aukofer
This is a research project of interest to anyone who pays attention to Washington journalism. It also is the only place one can find the information. If you were a Washington journalist in this era, or if you were keeping track of any of them, you will find this fascinating.

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Selasa, 27 Oktober 2015

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What can be done to combat genocide, ethnic cleansing, and other crimes against humanity? Why aren't current measures more effective? Is there hope for the future? These and other pressing questions surrounding human security are addressed head-on in this provocative and all-too-timely book.

Millions of people, particularly in Africa, face daily the prospect of death at the hands of state or state-linked forces. Although officially both the United Nations and the African Union have adopted "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P) principles, atrocities continue. The tenets of R2P, recently cited in a UN Outcomes Document, make it clear that states have a primary responsibility to protect their citizens from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. When states cannot—or will not—protect their citizens, however, the international community must step into the breach.

Why have efforts to stop horrific state-sanctioned crimes seen only limited success, despite widespread support of R2P? As this enlightening volume explains and illustrates, converting a norm into effective preventive measures remains difficult. The contributors examine the legal framework to inhibit war crimes, use of the emerging R2P norm, the role of the International Criminal Court, and new technologically sophisticated methods to gather early warnings of likely atrocity outbreaks. Together they show how mass atrocities may be anticipated, how they may be prevented, and when necessary, how they may be prosecuted.

Contributors include Claire Applegarth (Harvard Kennedy School), Andrew Block (Harvard Kennedy School), Frank Chalk (Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, Concordia University), David M. Crane (Syracuse University College of Law), Richard J. Goldstone (Constitutional Court of South Africa; UN International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda), Don Hubert (University of Ottawa; Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect, City University of New York), Sarah Kreps (Cornell University), Dan Kuwali (Malawi Defence Force), Jennifer Leaning (Harvard Francois Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights), Edward C. Luck (Columbia University; International Peace Institute), Sarah Sewall (Harvard Kennedy School)

  • Sales Rank: #3343516 in Books
  • Published on: 2010-07-09
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.90" h x .70" w x 5.90" l, .80 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 255 pages

Review

"This is an outstanding collection, jam-packed with good policy ideas about how to prevent mass atrocity crimes. Its basic message is loud and clear: the 'never again' dream will remain unrealized, and the critical new 'responsibility to protect' norm will remain fragile, until key state and intergovernmental actors get their implementation act together. It should be on the desk of every international policymaker, advocate, and scholar working in this area."—Gareth Evans, Cochair of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, President Emeritus of the International Crisis Group, and author of The Responsibility to Protect: Preventing Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All



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About the Author

Robert I. Rotberg is director of the Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict Resolution at the Harvard Kennedy School, and president of the World Peace Foundation. He is the author or editor of numerous books and articles on U.S. foreign policy, Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, most recently Corruption, Global Security, and World Order (2009) and China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence (2008), both copublished by the Brookings Institution Press and the World Peace Foundation.

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Set in the first decade of modern Israel's existence, this volume offers an insightful look at the changing relationship of American Jews and the reborn Jewish nation/state. It is the first in-depth analysis of the subject during this key period.

As the Cold War rages, leaders in all camps are shown attempting to shape and control the tangled circumstances that engulf themespecially American Jewish Committee president Jacob Blaustein, Israeli founding father David Ben-Gurion, and American presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Tapping into private correspondence, diaries, oral history interviews, scholarly literature and other archival materials, Zvi Ganin provides a richly detailed look at motivations, passions, and attitudes of Jewish and Israeli leaders on numerous issuesnone more affecting than in the stormy debate over dual loyalty.

  • Sales Rank: #3573941 in Books
  • Published on: 2005-03-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.34" h x .90" w x 6.48" l, .97 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 264 pages

About the Author
Zvi Ganin is the author of Truman, American Jewry, and Israel, 1945-1949, and Kiryat Hayynn: Experiment in an Urban Utopia (In Hebrew) and has written extensively on American Jewish and Israeli history. He lives in Israel.

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Kamis, 22 Oktober 2015

~ Free PDF Toward An Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), by Abdullahi

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Toward An Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), by Abdullahi

Drawing upon the teachings and writings of the Sudanese reformer, Mahmoud Mohamed Taha, this study aims to provide the intellectual foundations for a total reinterpretation of the nature and meaning of Islamic public law.

  • Sales Rank: #704245 in Books
  • Model: 1034283
  • Published on: 1996-07-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.04" h x .58" w x 6.04" l, .79 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 272 pages

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33 of 33 people found the following review helpful.
A Fascinating Challenge to Orthodoxy
By ChairmanLuedtke
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, as a scholar of Islam and law, offers an analysis of Islamic decline and possible reformation that is much more clearly delineated and rigorous than the cultural accounts given by authors like Bernard Lewis. An-Na'im's argument rests on the separation of "historical Shari'a" (often wrongly treated as if it were itself divine revelation) from the essence of Islam itself, as revealed by the early tenure of Mohammed in Mecca, before he moved to Medina and grappled with the difficult and immediate imperatives of political power.

Like a good lawyer, An-Na'im's case in "Toward an Islamic Reformation" unfolds like a geometrical proof, proceeding deductively from an axiom (a universal principle of reciprocity) and reasoning from there; namely, that all peoples have rights of self-determination, as long as they don't clash with others' rights of self-determination. To this norm, An-Na'im adds two sociological observations. The first is that Muslim majorities are now becoming politically assertive, exercising their right to self-determination, which is in itself a healthy thing. However, the second observation is that the hitherto weakened and disorganized condition of the Muslim community has usually been attributed to departure from "true" belief and practice, as well as to outside interference by non-Muslims. Thus, An-Na'im reasons, secular solutions to social problems will not appeal to most Muslims. Even the doctrine of necessity (darura) is not enough, although it has been used with some degree of success in the past, because only a truly Islamic solution will satisfy Muslim demands for self-determination. Thus, any proposed reforms must be seen as Islamic in origin.
However, An-Na'im here makes a strong case that the implementation of "historical Shari'a" (he calls it historical, obviously, to emphasize its man-made, temporal quality), while seen as a solution by many (due to the yearning to go back to tradition), will likely oppress others, and limit their right to self-determination, because it conflicts with modern norms of constitutionalism, human rights, international law and criminal justice. However, historical Shari'a was constructed by early jurists, written for a specific time and place, and does not come directly from revelation. So, given that secular and Shari'a solutions both are inadequate, the question becomes: how can Muslims' rights vis-à-vis others be exercised, while also being legitimately limited in accordance with universal principles (and the earlier, more tolerant words of Mohammed)?
An-Na'im acknowledges that any attempt to answer this question and "evolve" alternative principles will be difficult, due to the likely suspicion that tampering with the weight of tradition will inflame, but must be done, and can be based directly on revelation. This is the task that he sets himself to in the second half of the book, once he has demonstrated how Shari'a: 1) is man-made; 2) is non-divine; 3) originally arose for political expediency; 4) goes against the early word of Mohammed (much of which it "abrogated" under the doctrine of naskh); and 5) will likely violate the rights of non-Muslims, women, slaves, etc., and be incompatible with the very idea of the nation-state, international law, and human rights. In this, An-Na'im is clearly a modernist, in that he takes the nation-state, etc. as a given, and holds that there are benefits from secularism that would be lost (self-expression, women, religious minorities, slavery) if Shari'a were to be implemented. He also makes a very specific negative judgment about the application of Shari'a in today's "fundamentalist" states (Iran, Sudan), arguing that "it has created more problems than it has solved" (67). While an "anti-imperialist" might take issue with this statement, arguing that the worst excesses of fundamentalism are preferable to "western" institutions, An-Na'im's mission is to make Islam palatable to western institutions, and vice-versa, by "rehabilitating" the "early Mohammed" in much the same way that neo-Marxists drew upon the "Young Marx" to get away from the stale determinism of scientific socialism. Thus, the early Mohammed of the Mecca period is portrayed as a tolerant, "reasonable" leader, while the Mohammed of the Medina period, and the later rulers under whom Shari'a developed, were forced to adapt their ideas to the expediencies an extremely harsh, violent political world.
What is An-Na'im's program for rehabilitating Islam from the legacy of this world? The four main areas of law concerned are constitutionalism (how can Islam reconcile itself to self-determination, but with limits on power?), criminal justice (how can Islam democratically enforce Islamic justice without violating the rights of non-Muslims?), international law (how can Islam reconcile itself to interactions between nation-states, some of whom will be non-Muslim?), and human rights (how can Islam leave behind the legacy of subordinate status for women, slaves and non-believers, and grant universal rights to all people?).
While the program is well-argued and eloquently framed, obviously drawing much inspiration from the mentorship of the Sudanese reformist martyr, Mahmoud Taha, An-Na'im himself, though an optimist, admits that the book is not likely to receive a warm reception in the Muslim world. Though he doesn't admit it, part of the problem with this reception might be a feeling that he is engaged in sophist apologism for the West, finding parts of Islamic teaching to justify a wholesale adaptation to modern, secular developments. For those Muslims who feel their identity under attack, and thus advocate a return to tradition, the particular tradition that An-Na'im cites might seem a bit too conveniently Western. And after all, arguing that the Prophet went against his own early teachings out of expediency might seem unfathomable for one who believes that everything the Prophet did was divine!

12 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
Intriguing, but Unrealisitic and Philosophically Weak
By Scholarly Reviewer
An Na'im's "Toward an Islamic Reformation" is a fascinating excursion into the evolutionary aspect of Islamic law. Without repeating previous comments, I will get to the core of his thesis and the problem with it. In essence, he states that since Islamic law evolved from a Makkan to a Madinan stage, it can "de-evolve" back to the Makkan stage. It was in Makkah where the Prophet gave his statements about tolerance and freedom of religion, while in Madinah those concepts were withdrawn. As Islamic jurisprudence argues that earlier revelations that are contradicted by later ones are abrogated, An Na'im is arguing for reverse abrogation, stating that the Madinan stage of Islam was necessary then, but is not needed now. This is the core of his argument.

Now the problems. First, An Na'im is asking for Islamic jurists to ignore 1,300 years of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) to engage in reverse abrogation. One must ignore a good portion of the writings of al-Tabari, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Qayyim, al-Mawardi, not to mention large sections of hadith collections (al-Bukhari, Imam Muslim, al-Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, etc). While not wishing to appear as a nay-sayer, this is simply an impossible task. He simply has no Qur'anic or hadith basis for saying that Islam can backtrack and abrogate much of the Madinan message.

This highlights the second problem he encounters is the amount of abrogation. For anyone who has even done a casual examination of the hadith and Qur'an regarding war and jihad, one can see that there would be large sections of both (more of the former) that would require abrogation. Large portions of the sayings and deeds of the Prophet and his Companions (the "Salafi") would have to be virtually ignored. Considering the fact that the Prophet on numerous occasions indicates that one must follow his sayings and deeds to live his Islam makes this extremely difficult.

But the third problem is possibly the most damning... and dangerous. Let us say it succeeds. Let us speculate that, yes indeed, Islam engages in reverse abrogation and the violent and warrior sections of the hadith and Qur'an are now ignored. What is to prevent an abrogation of the reverse abrogation in the future? What is to stop a group of Imams and other leaders from standing up later and calling for the re-imposition of the Madinan passages calling for war and jihad against those who refuse to give their Islam? Islamic law, rather than a higher law such as in the Judeo-Christian tradition, is really a series of juristic pronouncements, with the schools of law having difficulty finding agreement on anything. For example, the schools of law cannot even agree on how many phrases are in the adhan (call to prayer), let alone anything else. Thus, there is no core law that can prevent a return to the Madinan stage. This may buy us time, but will present no permanent solution. The world will see a temporary respite, and then a return to more violence, more killing, and more devastation, all in the name of the expansion of Islam.

In reality, we have seen such a reversal before. For the last 300 years, prior to the Islamic Resurgence Movement (starting about 50 years ago), Islam was relatively contained. With virtually no money they had little influence in the world as a whole. Thus we saw virtually no Islamic terror operations and the like. But now that Islamic organizations have money and wealth, the jihadists have surged forward on the offensive. Thus, we have been down this road before, and a philosophical attempt to reform Islam, while well-intentioned, is stillborn from the beginning.

I simply do not see how An Na'im's thesis, intriguing as it is, can prevent this in the future.

3 of 22 people found the following review helpful.
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na 'Im
By A Customer
I wonder why the American government doesn't get this fellow and send him to Iraq to head up their religious studies department and establish a modern Islamic Studies program in an Arab country to educate the Arab as to what Islam could be about, if they weren't so backwards.

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Rabu, 21 Oktober 2015

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Corruption, Global Security, and World OrderFrom Brand: Brookings Institution Press

Never before have world order and global security been threatened by so many destabilizing factors—from the collapse of macroeconomic stability to nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and tyranny. Corruption, Global Security, and World Order reveals corruption to be at the very center of these threats and proposes remedies such as positive leadership, enhanced transparency, tougher punishments, and enforceable sanctions. Although eliminating corruption is difficult, this book's careful prescriptions can reduce and contain threats to global security.

Contributors: Matthew Bunn (Harvard University), Erica Chenoweth (Wesleyan University), Sarah Dix (Government of Papua New Guinea), Peter Eigen (Freie Universität, Berlin, and Africa Progress Panel), Kelly M. Greenhill (Tufts University), Charles Griffin (World Bank and Brookings), Ben W. Heineman Jr. (Harvard University), Nathaniel Heller (Global Integrity), Jomo Kwame Sundaram (United Nations), Lucy Koechlin (University of Basel, Switzerland), Johann Graf Lambsdorff (University of Passau, Germany, and Transparency International), Robert Legvold (Columbia University), Emmanuel Pok (National Research Institute, Papua New Guinea), Susan Rose-Ackerma n (Yale University), Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona (United Nations), Daniel Jordan Smith (Brown University), Rotimi T. Suberu (Bennington College), Jessica C. Teets (Middlebury College), and Laura Underkuffler (Cornell University).

  • Sales Rank: #2191493 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Brookings Institution Press
  • Published on: 2009-08-24
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.90" h x 1.20" w x 5.90" l, 1.50 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 497 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review

"Is there a global corruption eruption? Or is it that the spread of democracy, freer media, and new technologies allow us to be better informed about it? Has globalization altered the nature of corruption? Or is corruption the same as it has been since time immemorial? Are some societies more culturally prone to it than others? Or is corruption simply a function of incentives and institutions? What are the remedies? This important book sheds a much-needed light on these and other fundamental questions about corruption. A must-read for policymakers and analysts everywhere." —Moisés Naím, Editor in Chief of Foreign Policy magazine and author of Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy

About the Author

Robert I. Rotberg is director of the Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict Resolution at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and president of the World Peace Foundation. He has written or edited numerous books, including China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence (2008).

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