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The rivalry between India and Pakistan has proven to be one of the world's most intractable international conflicts, ever since 1947 when the British botched their departure from the South Asian subcontinent. And the enmity is likely to continue for another thirty-five years, reaching the century mark. This has critical implications for both countries and the rest of the world. Renowned South Asia expert Stephen P. Cohen explains why he expects this rivalry to continue in this first comprehensive survey of the deep historical, cultural, and strategic differences that underpin the hostility.
In recent years the stakes have increased as India and Pakistan have each acquired a hundred or more nuclear weapons, blundered into several serious crises, and become victims of terrorism, some of it from across their borders. America is puzzled by the problem of dealing with a rising India and a struggling Pakistan, and Cohen offers a fresh approach for U.S. policy in dealing with these two powers.
Drawing on his rich experience in South Asia to explore the character, depth, and origin of Indian and Pakistani attitudes toward each other, Cohen develops a comprehensive theory of why the dispute between New Delhi and Islamabad is likely to persist. He also describes the terrible cost of this animosity for the citizens of India and Pakistan, including the region's high levels of violence and low level of economic integration. On a more hopeful note, however, he goes on to suggest developments that could ameliorate the tension, including a more active role for the UnitedStates in addressing a range of issues that divide the nations. Kashmir is one of these issues, but as much a consequence as a cause of the rivalry.
Can India and Pakistan resolve their many territorial and identity issues? Perhaps the best they can expect in the near term is a limited degree of normalization, including bottom-up ideas generated by the peace and business communities, as well as a realistic assessment by strategic elites of the two states' shared common interests.
"Right now, full normalization seems unlikely," Cohen writes in the preface, "so this book is suffused with conditional pessimism: normalization would be desirable, but there are worse futures than a projection of the present rivalry for another thirty years or more."
- Sales Rank: #985262 in Books
- Published on: 2013-05-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.30" h x .90" w x 6.27" l, 1.16 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 236 pages
Review
"The approach...is fresh and the treatment forthright: both worth noting in a scholar-practitioner whose 50-year career of writing on India and Pakistan might have left him with little new to say about bridging the divide between the two countries. That Cohen is able to take up the challenge stems from his frank admission that the 'full normalization' of relations between India and Pakistan is unlikely for at least another generation: they could still be shooting at each other a century after partition."―International Affairs
About the Author
Stephen P. Cohen is a senior fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution. Long considered one of America's premier experts on South Asia, he has a number of books to his credit, including India: Emerging Power, The Idea of Pakistan, and Arming without Aiming: India's Military Modernization (with Sunil Dasgupta).
Most helpful customer reviews
9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
An Outstanding Book
By T.V. Paul
This is an outstanding book; one of the rare intellectual projects that attempts to understand the reasons for the persistence of the India-Pakistan rivalry for nearly 65 years. It is a major advancement in our understanding of the complex factors involved in the India-Pakistan conflict dynamics. It also offers multiple pathways through which this conflict could be resolved or prolonged. Although the book is not a theory-driven work, it does use some relevant theories, especially towards the end. Its strength lies in bringing out the deep empirical factors, especially from the decades of understanding Prof. Cohen has developed as a result of his interactions with the protagonists from the region as well as US policymakers. It deftly uses published materials from the region to show the differing perspectives of the actors in both countries. South Asia regional specialists, policymakers, and all others interested in enduring rivalries, especially among international relations scholars must take this book seriously.
T.V. Paul, James McGill Professor of International Relations, McGill University and author of The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World Oxford University Press, 2013.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Exceptionally Clear Analysis
By E. Slavitt
This is an exceptionally clear and cogent analysis of a part of the world that does not get sufficient attention in the United States. India and Pakistan have been in conflict since their inception and there appears to be no prospect for resolution. The history of wars between them is made even more threatening by their possession of nuclear weapons. Mr. Cohen does a masterful job of distilling down his deep knowledge of the region into an organized and insightful analysis accessible even to readers unfamiliar with the region and its history. It is a fascinating story of two countries which profoundly misunderstand each other and, to some extent, themselves. I recommend it highly.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Daughers of the Raj
By L. King
An excellent analysis and background description of political stresses between India and Pakistan, though one that often skims over technical details. Cohen begins with a map of South East Asia showing the administrative boundaries that existed on the eve of Partion on August 15, 1947. Exacerbated by wide spread violence and a massive population exchange, Pakistan (both East and West) staked its identity on being a secular Muslim state and India, primarily Hindu, was (mostly) secular and democratic.
The one major success in diplomatic relations between the two countries has been the Indus Basin Water treaty where instead of fighting over water resources, per the suggestions of the World Bank, the focus has been on managing and increasing the supply. Kashmir and Jammu are, taken together, form a major territorial point of contention. Resource rich and naturally beautiful it is mostly Muslim and contiguous to Pakistan, though it is also the ancestral homeland of both the Gandhi and Nehru dynasties and contains Hindu and Buddhist minorities. The issue of minority rights is a focal point - Kashmir as a Muslim minority in a sea of Hindus and local Hindus and Buddhists within a pool of Muslims. Cohen outlines possible resolutions however the default consensus is to muddle through using the "Line of Control", based on the 1972 Simla ceasefire agreement, which acts as the de facto border between the two states. However Kashmir dwindles in importance the further one gets from Delhi or Islamabad and local issues and identities take precedence.
Another indicator of problems is the low amount of direct trade amounting to $3B US/yr between the two, whereas Indian trade with China is $74B and Pakistani trade is $11B. But this doesn't take into account smuggling activities nor indirect trade via 3rd party shipping through ports of convenience such as Dubai. Often the transit is on paper only and the ships travel directly. Similarly Cohen finds that intra-regional telecomm traffic only amounts to 7% of the total communication going outside each country, vs. 71% for East Asia - people just aren't talking to each other.
Cohen labels India-Pakistan as typical of what he calls "Paired-Minority Conflicts" such as Israel/Palestine, Germany/France, Greece/Turkey and Tamil/Sinhalese where the minority of one or both groups is embedded in the other. Indians worry that Pakistan's passion for Kashmir sends a separatist message to other Indian Muslim majority states. The government therefore treads carefully with its 200 million Muslims so as not to encourage a 5th column. Pakistan sees itself as a small but tough Muslim David defending itself against a Hindu Goliath, fearing a second Bangladesh, such as might occur in Balouchistan. The army and intelligence services (ISI) are much more important than in India, Pakistan has had a strategy of trying to draw in outside support for their opposition against India, appealing to both national actors and NGOs. For the most part the Great Powers have shored up either one side or both in order to support their own regional goals and rivalries, but have wisely avoided entering the conflict on one side or the other.
In spite of their common history prior to Partition the overall cooperative spirit between the two countries is low, each taking pleasure in the misfortunes befalling the other. As one Indian analyst wagged, hoping to make it someone else's problem, Pakistan ought to be encouraged to become a Middle Eastern country, if it would temper its obsession with India. However now that Pakistan is a nuclear power, given the growth of Islamic terrorism and keeping the 2008 Mumbai attacks in mind, there is a growing realization that Pakistan must if necessary be allowed to flourish, if only because the potential cost of it falling apart may be too high to deal with.
An excellent read that teaches new ways of seeing international relations. 4.8*/5. Recommended!
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